Thanks for the quick answers. One of the metal endstop triggers was bent out of the way. This seems quite odd, since this area has never been handled/adjusted/disassembled, etc. Seems like somehow it happened by itself. Bent the piece of metal back to (almost) straight, and now the microswitch is triggering properly.
I noticed my motors now sound a bit different when moving the print head. I don't see any functional issues in the print, but they just sound different when being actuated. Could the endstop issue have caused any permanent damage?