Thanks everyone! Problem solved. I'm now convinced it had nothing to do with cura settings. It was a "hardware" problem. I didn't have the Bowden Tube installed all the way into the hot end and the extrusion material was bowed through the nozzle and not entering the hot end in a proper way. When I accidentally discovered this, I pushed it all the way in, re-fed the material and now it's working flawlessly at all original settings.
Still, I'll be sure to play around with initial layer width and flow settings just because it's interesting to see what effect those have.
I'm very thankful for the comments and help - the lesson learned is that making sure all the basics are covered before blaming the software. Things like, is my printer plugged in? Is the bed level etc etc
Thx!