Ok I am slowly getting where I want and I think I found the source of the error.
First I loosens all the sliding blocks and pulleys and tried to check for friction but found that everything worked quite well. In the end I reassembled everything double checking belt tension and pulley positions. I again adjusted the short belt tension and test printed again. (bottom one is the latest print)
Now at least the gaps around the circle are closed! But unfortunately it is still not perfectly circular.
Anyway. While printing I sometimes could hear a light crack (like wood tension cracking) at certain positions and tried to find its source. Well, it turns out that, as you already said, the pulleys are super eccentricity and the light cracking occurred when the tension on the short belt was slightly increased by this. I will now decrease the tension again to not stress the parts too much but I already ordered the GT2 ...
Thank you for your help and your advice!