I just upgraded to Cura 3.4 but I was having the same problem with 3.1 I had been using Inventor 2016 to make my 3D models and exporting .stl files. I remember I had this problem before and it was a simple checkbox or something like that but that was 3 years ago and I don't remember what it was or where to find it. When I model something in Inventor(3 years ago in 2016 and fixed it) now the same thing is happening in the 2019 version of Inventor I just updated to.
No matter whether I use inch or mm the .stl comes in one tenth the size 25.4 mm ( or 1 inch) is 2.5 mm in Cura 3.1 or 3.4. I recall there was a very simple fix but I can't recall what it was. And no it was not make everything 10 times bigger.
The fix was in Inventor as I recall because the same thing happened in Ideamaker and other 3D slicers.