I'm still trying to isolate what the problem is with my setup, and have spent an entire day attempting to do so. So far I've tried a few versions of Cura 4.4, and 4.5 all with the same result. I've gradually increased the mesh max-resolution, max travel res, and max deviation, all still with the same result. Since I'm using Octoprint, I decided to eliminate that variable by slicing directly to the SD card, and printing directly, but that has not solved the issue.
I recently upgraded from Marlin 1.9 to Marlin 2.0, and assumed that might be the issue. I went back, and still the same problem. Major stuttering, vibrations, and pauses on curved surfaces.
As an experiment I tried another slicer, KISS, and spent about 5 minutes setting it up for my printer, and it printed flawlessly! Incredibly smooth lines, and the curvature was so smooth it was reflective! I then uploaded that GCode to Octoprint and had the same smooth result.
I really like Cura, but this is beginning to become a major problem, and I haven't discovered a solution yet. If anyone's come across a solution, please let me know.