Not the most elegant solution - but i was able to rewrite the code according your suggestion, thank you very much!
I have added a NULL material with a temperature of 0°C for extruder0, so Marlin's "cold extrusion prevention" will skip extrusion for extruder0.
So here's the code just for reference:
;--------------------------------------
M117 Initializing...
M107 ; fan off
M140 S{material_bed_temperature} ; set bed temp
M104 T0 S{material_print_temperature_layer_0, 0}
M104 T1 S{material_print_temperature_layer_0, 1}
G28 ;Home
G1 X30 Y30 Z30 F5000
; Set offset for smaller print bed (no print area definition in cura)
G92 X-30
M190 S{material_bed_temperature} ; set bed temp
M109 T0 S{material_print_temperature_layer_0, 0}
M109 T1 S{material_print_temperature_layer_0, 1}
M117 Levelling...
G90 ; Absolute positioning
M82 ; Extruder in absolute mode
G29 ;Level Bed
M117 Priming...
T1
G92 E0 ; start line
G1 X200 Y2 Z0.7 F5000
G1 F800 E5
G1 X40 E30 F1000
G92 E-3
T0
G92 E0 ; start line
G1 X200 Y0 Z0.7 F5000
G1 F800 E5
G1 X40 E30 F1000
G92 E-3
T{adhesion_extruder_nr}
;--------------------------------------