Thanks for the tip! (I had startup crash)
I checked the event log (Application) and there was an Error. In the description I saw: "Faulting module path: C:\Windows\system32\ig9icd64.dll". This DLL is my for my Intel integrated graphics, but I have in my laptop discrete AMD FirePro as well.
So, when I selected the "High performance" profile in the AMD Control center for the Cura, it started and works well.