Is there no feature/setting in cura to set a minimum shell thickness (which is then meassured not only horizontaly = current wall thickness setting or vertically = current top/bottom layer setting, but also in all other directions).
Technically, cura would just have to put a litte sphere (with a radius of the minimum shell thickness setting) on every outer point of the part. All possible spheres have to lie within the walls or top/bottom layers.
Example with 3 outer wall lines in the spot of the corner: