Let me add my own perspective from writing plugins. Basically anything is possible, but it is not all very easy.
To get started, I would recommend to take it one step at a time. First implement what you want to do using an "extension plugin":
https://github.com/Ultimaker/UraniumExampleExtensionPlugin
Instead of having your buttons on the main screen like that, you can make a window that contains the buttons (which can be accessed via the Extensions menu).
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Smithy 1,145
You can write your own plugin, but be aware that you are limited what you can do with plugins.
A good starting point is the GitHub page https://github.com/Ultimaker/Cura/wiki/Plugin-Directory and then check some example plugins.
I never wrote a plugin for Cura, but I doubt you can put the buttons like you show on your screenshot.
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