Ah, thank you for the information. I did a bit of searching, and I see that the "Retraction Minimum Travel" setting has been explicitly hidden due to several bugs:
https://github.com/Ultimaker/Cura/issues/6513
Adding a line to the appropriate Cura quality configuration file in order to set the value of retraction_min_travel (e.g. retraction_min_travel = 0.0) seems to add the retraction to the G-code, at least in the test scenario that I provided in my prior post. I'll try to test things later today.
Incidentally, I have a Creality CR-10 printer, and I have been trying to resolve a problem with a skin seam that appears when the nozzle moves to the outer wall. This problem does not appear to occur in Cura version 4.0 and prior (the seam alignment behavior appears to be a bit different in versions after 4.0, regardless of the "Z Seam Alignment" setting, which makes the problem more apparent). It appears that I might not the only person who is experiencing this problem (https://github.com/Ultimaker/CuraEngine/pull/1108#issuecomment-555751196):